Date	Philosophy/Rhetoric Person or Event	General History	Comment - These are things that I feel have affected Western thought and rhetoric	URLs	Map Link	Other URL	Extended Comments
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800 BCE			Beginning of the 8th Century BCE
c. 750 BCE	Homer writes the Greek poems the Iliad and the Odyssey.		Some put Homer's writing a 100 or 200 years earlier. Whether Troy and Greece actually had an epic battle is unsure; however, if it happened, it was about 500 years before the writings of Homer. Linguistically, it's proven difficult to date Homer. The earliest mention may be the cup found in 1954 CE that was dated to 720 BCE. On the cup is the inscription "Nestor's Cup," which may be a reference to the cup of king Nestor in the Iliad. Homer may or may not have been a real person, and his writings may have been redacted from oral traditions handed down by the Homeridae [homer-id-ee] (descendants of Homer).	World Population about 60 Million.
700 BCE			Beginning of the 7th Century BCE
600 BCE			Beginning of the 6th Century BCE
c. 598 BCE	Approximate mid-life point for Sappho (c.625 - c. 570). She was a poet.		She wrote on love. Her work was popular throughout the Roman period, but much of it was lost when the Church burned it for accusation of promoting immorality.	Wiki
592 BCE	Mid-life point for Anaximander (b.  610 - d.546) [a-nax-ee-man-der] .He is 32 this year. He lived to be 64.		Anaximander was an astronomer and physicist who created ateleological explanations of nature and the universe. He spoke of physical forces versus mythos. He made contributions to geography, physics and cosmology.
c. 586 BCE	Mid-life point for Thales of Miletos (b.624 - d.547). He was 38 this year. He lived to be 77.		He is sometimes called the father of science. Thales believed water was the origin of all things. He was a theist. His idea of justice was “Do not unto thy neighbor what is hateful to thyself.”  He thought that men were better than women and Greeks better than barbarians.
c.546	Death of Anaximander. He lived to be 64-years old.
c. 535	Birth of Heraclitus [hair-a-cleye-tus] (b.535 - d.475 BCE), the Greek philosopher.		Heraclitus believed that permanence is an illusion and that things are in constant flux. He taught, "We cannot step in the same river twice." Heraclitus is credited with establishing the term "logos" in to Western philosophy. He taught that it meant "both the source and fundamental order of the cosmos." - Wiki.
c. 525	Pythagoras of Samos is credited with discovering the theorem which bears his name.		Pythagoras founded a religion that influenced Socrates, Plato and, to some extent, Aristotle.
521 BCE		Darius the Great becomes Emperor of Media and Persia. He reigned until 485 BCE. His father was Hystaspes, who (it is believed) promoted Zoroastrianism in Persia.
509 BCE		Beginning of Roman Republic, which was consider the Roman Kingdom until this year, with the expulsion of Lucius Targuinius Superbus and the end of his Monarchy.	It would remain the Roman Republic until Julius Caesar became virtual dictator, entering Rome into the period of the Roman Empire.
500 BCE			Beginning of the 5th Century BCE	World Population about 100 Million.		http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Population_curve.svg
499 BCE		This is the time of the Persian Wars between Greece and the great Persian empire.	There would be a back and forth victory and defeat for both sides. Persian-Greco Wars started in 499 BC and lasted until 448 BC.
495 BCE		Birth of Pericles (495 - 429 BCE) [pear-a-cleez], Athenian statesman.
495 BCE c.	Birth of Anaxagoras (c.495 - 428 BCE) [an-nax-ag-or-us], Greek philosopher.		Part of the Ionian school of philosophy. He's mentioned in the Gorgias at 465d by Socrates. Only by knowing that Anaxagoras believed that all things existed initially combined as infinitesimally small units can you understand 465d. See also ideas in the Theaetetus.
490 BCE		Battle of Marathon- King Darius I of Persia first attempt to conquer Greece and bring it into the Persian empire.
490 BCE	Approximate birth date of the Sophist Protagoras of Abdera (c. 490 - c. 410 BCE), who is the Sophist in Plato's Protagoras.		Protagoras is the originator of the line, "Man is the measure of all things." His values are all relative (but not as nihilistic as Gorgias), which contrasted dramatically with Socrates who constantly tried to pin sophists down to define virtue. Protagoras was friends with Pericles, who's relationship is discussed by Plutarch. There is a dialogue that has his name in Plato. He was agnostic about the gods.	Wiki	Sicily
486 BCE		Xerxes I, son of Darius I and Atossa, the daughter of Cyrus the Great, ruled Persia from 486-465 BC
485 BCE	Pindar, a choral song writer, wrote of the "Homeridae" [homer-id-ee] (meaning children of Homer).		"In the same way as the Homeridae, Singers of stitched words, usually Begin with an address to Zeus ..." Pindar, Nemean Odes 2.1-3.
485 BCE	Birth of Gorgias (ca. 487-376 BC), Greek sophist, pre-Socratic philosopher and rhetorician, was a native of Leontini in Sicily.		Wow, he lived 111 years.
c. 485 BCE	Parmenides makes the ontological argument against nothingness.		Socrates would engage in the dialectic with Parmenides when Socrates was 18 years old. Plato allows Socrates to appear to be confounded by Parmenides (I know I sure was).
480 BCE		Greece thwarts a Persian invasion.
c.475 BCE	Aeschylus (b.525 - d.456) [es-ca-luss], who is credited as being the father of tragedy, accepted an invitation from Hieron (the tyrant) to travel to Sicily to perform.
470 c. BCE	Birth of Socrates (c. 470 BC–399 BC)		Note that there is some controversy about the life of Socrates. Some have argued that he never really existed. This thought develops from the fact that Socrates never produced any writings of his own and Plato's later dialogues on Socrates mix his own ideas.
470 c. BCE	Birth of Aspasia (b.470 - d. 410 BCE), a notable contributor to the history of rhetoric. She lived 60 years. See War with Samian War of 440 BCE.		She would be a close companion to Pericles and would be notable for her expertise in politics and rhetoric. Socrates says that he learned rhetoric from her. Perhaps this is another reason he supported the education of women. Many scholars have argued that Diotima of Mantinea, portrayed in Plato's Symposium, was actually Aspasia.
467 BCE	Herrick, p.32 - A tyrant named Hieron [high-er-on] died and disputes arose over land that he had taken from families.		According to Herrick, People needed to plead their case, but they had no training in how to do this. A rhetorician named Corax began a systematic training. His approach to teaching oratory was copied by other teachers, and it was carried to Athens and other Greek cities by the Sophists.
465 BCE		Artaxerxes I Longimanus, ruled Persia from 465-425 BC.
465 BCE	Birth of Prodicus (of Iulis or Ceos? - Seems to be the same person) (c. 465 - 415)		An early Sophist. He made linguistics prominent in his curriculum, and Plato focuses on this aspect in several dialogues.
462		Pericles (c.495-429 BC) challenged the prime council of Athens (called the Areopagus [air-ee-op-o-gus] and became a political hero of Democracy in Athens.
c. 460	Birth of Hippias. It's unknown when he died, but he lived at least to 61 years old to the death of Socrates in 399 BCE.		Plato has two dialogues on Hippias (in which he attacks Hippias' methods): Hippias Major and Minor. Hippias's contribution to rhetoric was the importance he gave to the fine definitions of words.
c.456 BCE	Birth of Aristophanes (b. 456 - d. 386). He lived 70 years.		He wrote many wonderful plays, only about half are extant. He wrote the Clouds, which mentions Socrates.
450 BCE	Herodotus of Halicarnassus (484 BC-ca. 425 BC) was an ancient historian. He lived 59 years.		He's called the Father of History. He is famous for his writings on the conflict between Greece and Persia, as well as the descriptions he wrote of different places and  people he met on his travels.    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus	Wiki
450 c. BCE	Protagoras arrives in Athens. He is 40 of 80-years old.	Protagoras was an associate of Pericles, as documented by Plutarch.	Protagoras may have been the first Sophist to charge for his teaching. Actually, he may have been the first Sophist.	Wiki
448 BCE		End of Greco-Persian wars- Negotiated peace by Pericles.
447 BCE		Under the leadership of Pericles, the Parthenon begins being built in Athens. It would be completed in 432 BCE.
445		Pericles (c.495-429 BC) negotiates a truce between Athens and Sparta.
440 BCE		Samian War (4400 - 439 BCE) between Athens and Samos [say-moss] because the Samians will not cease agression against Milesians (Miletus). Samoa is an island located across the Aegean from Athens near Asia Minor (off the coast of Turkey)	Plutarch believed that the war against the Samians was so that Pericles could "please Aspasia". Plutarch goes on to say, "…this may be a fit point for inquiry about the woman, what art or charming faculty she had that enabled her to captivate, as she did, the greatest statesmen, and to give the philosophers occasion to speak so much about her, and that, too, not to her disparagement." (See Plutarch, Pericles, XXIV)	Link	Map
436 BCE	Birth of Isocrates (b.436 - d. 338) [eye-sock-cra-teez]. He was a master of rhetoric. He lived to be 98-years old.		He studied under Gorgias. Later, he would write a book against the early Sophists, so some are hesitant to classify him as a Sophist, but his ideas on rhetoric place him as a Sophist.
431 BCE		Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BCE) between Athens and the Peloponnesian League, led by Sparta.	Begins with the invasion of Attica by a Spartan army.
431 BCE c.	Birth of Xenophone, who became a soldier, mercenary who admired and wrote of Socrates.		One of the three writers (contemporary to Socrates) who mention Socrates, using Socrates as a literary device (the Sacratic Problem). The other two people are Plato and Aristophanes (The Clouds).
430 BCE		The plague	A plague, possible the bubonic, begins in Athens and continues through 428. It wipes out a quarter of the population of Athens.
c. 430 BCE	Gorgias arrives in Athens. He is 57 of 111 years old.		…at the same times as the plague, coincidence? Hmmmm (I jest). Gorgias studied under Empedocles, "a Sicilian orator, politician, philosopher and doctor…" Gorgias had associations with Pericles. Plutarch mentions their acquaintance.	Link
c. 429	Sophocles [sof-a-cleez] performs the Greek tragedy Oedipus Rex, also known as Oedipus the King.		In the play, Oedipus is abandoned as a child, found by a shepherd, and he is raised in the court of the king of Corinth (Polybus). When he asks of the Delphic Oracles about his real parent, the Oracle ignores him and tells him he was destined to mate with his mother. He later unknowingly kills his father, Laius in a traffic dispute. He answers the Sphinx's riddle as "Man" to "What walks on four legs in the morning, two in mid day and three at night." Distraught, the Spinx throws himself off a cliff. Oedipus is awarded kingship, and the queen, of course, happens to be his mother.
427 BCE	Plato (b.427 - d.347) was born in Athens. He lived 80 years.		His father was Ariston. His mother was Perictione. Plato's father died when he was very young. Plato probably had no memory of him.
423 BCE	Aristophanes writes The Clouds.  He is 33-years old this year.		Aristophanes wrote a play called "The Clouds", in which he parodied the sophists. In the play, he accuses Socrates of being a greedy sophist. Some believe that this may have contributed to public opinion against Socrates which resulted in his arrest and death sentence.
414 BCE c.	Gorgias writes the Encomium of Helen [en-kome-ee-um]		See the audiobook I made of Gorgias' speech, The Encomium of Helen.
411 BCE	Aristophanes writes Lysistrata [lis-a-strot-a] (the name means "she who disbands armies" - wiki). He is 45-years old this year.		About a woman who led women from multiple Greek city-states in a campaign to withhold sex from their husbands until they ended the Peloponnesian war.
410 BCE	Death (or banishment) of Protagoras. He lived 80 years.
410 BCE	Democritus [da-mock-cree-tuss] (b.460 - d.370) Mid-life point. He turned 45 this year and lived to 90.		Democritus believed that everything was made of  individual, indivisible units which he called atoma (from which we get atom). He also believed in the existence of the soul. He was the first to recognize that the Milky Way was formed by distant stars.
c. 407 BCE	Plato becomes associated with Socrates, perhaps initially for political reasons. In this year, he is 20 of 80 years old.
404 BCE		End of Peloponnesian war.	In the treaty, Athens agreed to give up its land expansion. Sparta allowed Athenian sea supremacy. Corinth remained anxious and continued to paint Athens as a threat to Greek liberty. Athens continued to believe they were the natural leaders of the Greeks.
404 BCE		Sparta places a handful of Athenian aristocrates in charge of Athens. They would become known as the Thirty Tyrants.	Isocrates mentions the Thrity Tyrants in his dialogue "Against Euthynus". When they came to power, his friend, Nicias, fled for fear they would take all of his possessions. Nicias entrusted 3 talents of silver to a man named Euthynus. When Nicias returned for his silver, Euthynus returned only two talents of silver. Isocrates says that because Euthynus was not a trained speaker, he would defend.	Link
400 BCE			Beginning of the 4th Century BCE	World Population about 160 Million.
399 BCE	Death of Socrates. He was 71-years old.		Plato is 28 of 80 years old.
390 BCE		Defeat of Rome by the Gauls. The Gallic invasion was the turning point from Rome the city to Rome the State. It halted Roman expansion and caused Rome to scramble to protect its cultural currency.	There was much Greek rhetoric about any defeat of non-Greeks (the barbarians).  The defeat of the Romans was trumpeted as an illustration of the triumph of civilization over barbarism.  The old, "We must be so good because you're so bad".
390 BCE	Isocrates founds the first rhetorical school in Athens. He is 46 of 98 years-old.		He became very wealthy from this school, charging 1000 drachmas to attend. A daily wage for the average man was 1 drachma. Isocrates was a native Athenian.  He was a pan-Hellenist, in other words, someone who believed in the expansion of Greece and Greek culture.
387	Plato founds his Academy. He is 40 of  80 years old.		Around the time, Plato creates the early dialogues: Apology, Crito, Charmides [shar-meh-deez] about temperance, Laches [lay-chez] about courage, Lysis [lie-sis] about friendship, Euthyphro [youth-a-fra] about piety, Menexenus [men-ex-ee-nus], who was Socrates' son, Lesser Hippias, Ion [eye-on] about beauty. Transitional dialogues from early to middle include: Gorgias about the manipulation of rhetoric, Protagoras- about whether virtue is teachable and Meno- about whether or not virtue is teachable
386 BCE	Death of Aristophanes (comic playwright). He lived 70 years.
384 BCE	Birth of Aristotle (b.384 - d.322 BCE). He lived to be 62.		Aristotle was born In Stagira (sta-jeye-ra) on the Chalcidice (cal-sid-a-see) peninsula in NE Greece. His father was the personal physician to King Amyntas of Macedon. This Macedonian connection would land him the job to tutor Alexander the Great.
382 BCE		Birth of Philip II of Macedone, who is the father of Alexander the Great.
376 BCE	Death of Gorgias. He lived to be 111-years old.
c. 370 BCE	Plato writes the Symposium (it could have been as much as 15 years earlier. This date is unsure).  Both the Symposium and the Phaedrus [feed-russ] are about love. He is 57-years old.		The Symposium is a discussion of the nature of love, both homosexual and heterosexual interactions are discussed. Socrates is presented as being beyond physical love. His love is a love of the soul. There are seven participants in the Symposium: Pausanias (paw-sane-ee-ous), the legal expert; Eryximachus (air-rick-sim-ic-kus), stereotyped physician; Aristophanes (air-is-stof-in-nees), the comedic playwright who wrote The Clouds (423 BCE); Agathon (ag-a-thon), who was the poet who won the playwright competition that resulted in the celebration that brought the 7 men together; Socrates, who describes love as taught by his teacher (wise woman) Diotima of Mantinea (may have been Aspasia); and Alcibiades (al-sa-bye-a-deez), who arrives late. His advise regarding the Sicilian Expedition may have contributed to the loss of the Peloponnesian War.  Most of the characters in the Symposium are also in the Protagoras.
c. 370 BCE	Plato writes the middle dialogues at around 57-years old.		Middle dialogues: Euthydemus [youth-ee-deem-us]; Cratylus [crat-ill-us]; Phaedo [fey-dough]; Phaedrus [fee-druss]; Symposium; Republic; Theaetetus [thee-a-tee-tuss]; and the Parmenides [par-men-id-eez].
367 BCE	Aristotle enters Plato's academy in Athens. He is 17 years old.		He would remain there for 20 years.
367 BCE		Rule by councilship established in Rome.
361 BCE	Plato goes to Sicily for a couple of years.		His third trip. He's 66-years old.
359 BCE		Phillip II comes to power as king of Macedon at the death of his two elder brothers.	Macedon was the northern-most part of ancient Greece.
c.357 BCE	Plato writes his late dialogues around 70-years old.		Late dialogues: Sophist, Statesman, Philebus, Timaeus [tee-may-us], Critias [crit-ee-us], the Laws.
354 BCE	Demosthenes (b.384–d.322 BCE) [day-mos-thin-eez] gave his first public political speech.		He became a prominent Greek statesman and orator. He often worked as a logographer and wrote speeches for legal suits. He spoke out against Philip II of Macedon's dominance over Athens. Later, Antipater [ann-tip-it-ter], the successor to Alexander the Great, had him hunted down and killed.
350 BCE	Aristotle begins teaching rhetoric while still at the Academy. He is 34 years old in this year.
348 BCE		Second treaty between Rome and Carthage.	Carthage is located SW of Sicily across the Mediterranean.		LINK
347 BCE	Death of Plato at 80-years old.
347 BCE	Aristotle leaves the Academy. He is 37-years old		He left because he was not elected to be the head of the Academy. He left with Xenocrates and moved to reside in the court of Hermias of Atarneus in Asia Minor.
347 BCE	Aristotle marries Pythias [pith-ee-us]. He is 37-years old and she's about 18-years old.		Pythias was the adopted daughter of Hermias who ruled Assos. They had one daughter.
344 BCE	Aristotle leaves for near by island of Lesbos. He is 40-years old.		Lesbos is also called Mytilene [met-ill-ennie] a Greek island in the NE Aegean
343 BCE		Aristotle become tutor to 13-yr old Alexander the Great.
338 BCE		Battle of Chaeronea [care-a-knee-a], led by Philip II of Macedon against the forces of Athens and Thebes.	This battle established Macedonian rule over the Greek city-states. This crushed pan-Hellenism as warned by Isocrates (Herrick, 47)
338 BCE	Death of Isocrates. He lived to be 98-years old.		In the ancient world, Isocrates was the most famous rhetorician at the time.
337 BCE	Pythias [pith-ee-is], Plato's wife, dies. He is 47-years old.  Pythias was bout 28 when she died.
335 BCE		Alexander the Great succeeds his father, Phillip II.	He starts his world conquest almost immediately.
335 BCE	Aristotle founds the Lyceum. He is 49-years old.		The Lyceum was a competitor to the Academy. Its building was an old gymnasium located just outside of Athens.
333		Alexander the Great defeats the main army of the Persians led by Darius III and reigns as emperor until his death in 323.	Alexander's army crossed the Cilician Gates and met and defeated the main Persian army under the command of Darius III at the Battle of Issus in 333 BC. Darius fled this battle in such a panic for his life that he left behind his wife, his children, his mother, and much of his personal treasure.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great
332 BCE			Beginning of the Hellenistic Age (332 - 37 BCE)
326 BCE		Alexander the Great's empire reaches India.
323 BCE		Death of Alexander the Great, which resulted in the break up or division of his empire.	Aristotle received much support from his Macedonian connections. At the death of Alexander, there was a good deal of anti-Macedonian sentiment in Athens. Trumped up charges were brought against Aristotle, and, unlike Socrates the martyr, he flees the city. He moved to Chalcis (cal-sis) on the island of Euboea (you-bee-a), which is a Greek island in the W Aegean Sea. He lived in Chalcis until his death in 322 BCE.		Map of Euboea
322 BCE	Death of Aristotle in Chalcis [cal-sis]. He lived to be 62-years old.
306	Epicurus (341 BC, Samos – 270 BC, Athens) founded his school in Athens. He called it The Garden. He was a student of Lampsacus, who was a student of Democritus.		Like many of the early rhetoricians, Epicurus was agnostic about the gods (or, at least he downplays the supernatural in his epistemology). He once said, "Is god willing to prevent evil but not able - then he is not omnipotent Is god able but not willing then he is malevolent Is god both able and willing then whence commeth evil Is he neither able nor willing then why call him god?" I was taught in college that Epicureanism was demonized in the New Testament when the Apostle Paul wrote in 1 Cor. 15:32, "If after the manner of men I fought with beasts at Ephesus, what doth it profit me? If the dead are not raised, let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we die." However, I've not found this idea in Epicureanism. Instead, Epicurus seems to eschew hedonism and promotes moderation to find happiness. (see Epicurus' Letter to Menoeceus).
300 BCE			Beginning of the 3rd Century BCE
300 c. BCE	Euclid of Alexandria [you-clid] was at his height.		Considered the father of geometry. Taught in the school of Alexandria, Egypt. He may have studied in Plato's Academy.
291 BCE	Stoicism school of philosophy founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium (Cyprus) when he was 42 years old.		He began by finding the works of Socrates in a bookstore and wanted to study further.
200 BCE			Beginning of the 2nd Century BCE	World Population about 150 Million (it went down)
c. 150 BCE	Hermagoras of Temnos developed rhetorical theories that are no longer extant.		See Herrick, p.101. "He classifed judicial arguments according to what he called "issues." His three type, recorded in the later Roman rhetorical treatise, the Rhetorica ad Herennium are: (1) conjecture, (2) legal, and (3) juridical issues."
130 BCE	The Roman Senate began publishing a "newspaper" in Rome called the Acta Diurna (Daily Resolutions).
133 BCE		Rome reaches a population of One million people.
106 BCE	Birth of Cicero (106 - 43 BCE). He lived 63 years.	Cicero was born January 3, 106 BC in Arpinum, a small town just south of Rome. Cicero would eventually be invited by Julius Caesar to be part of his Triumvirate in 61 BCE.	"Famous canons of rhetoric and his concern for the preparation of the orator/leader" Herrick, preface.
100 BCE			Beginning of the 1st Century BCE
85 BCE	Cicero writes De Inventione.		This was basically a guide of Greek rhetoric for Roman readers. It contained his famous "Five Canons of Oratory". Cicero was 21 years old. This work was very popular.
78 BCE		Rome: Sulla dies. The revolt of Lepidus is defeated by Pompey, who will rule with Crassus.
70 BCE		Pompey is elected Consul of Rome (highest elected office of the Republic), serving with Crassus.	This is is the birth pains of the Roman Empire from the Republic, which would come to fruition when Caesar crosses the Rubicon.
64 BCE		Pompey removes all Syrian kings and annexed Syria as a Roman province.
63 BCE		Jerusalem (Judea) captured by Roman general, Pompey.
63 BCE		Cicero was elected Consul (highest elected office of the Senate).	He's 43 years old.
61 BCE		Julius Caesar invited Cicero to the be fourth member of his existing partnership with Pompey and Marcus Licinius Crassus.
58 BCE		Cicero is exiled from Rome on charges of executing a Roman citizen without a trial. His property was taken.	He fell into depression and nearly committed suicide.
57 BCE		Cicero returns from exile to a cheering crowd. Later, the Senate returned his property.
55 BCE	Cicero publishes De Oratore. He's 51 years old.		A mature work on rhetoric addressing Plato's Gorgias. See Herrick, p.102
53 BCE		Marcus Licinius Crassus died. In 60 Crassus, Caesar and Pompey formed the first triumverate. Crassus was defeated and was killed at the battle of Carrhaw in southern Anatolia.
49 BCE		Civil war breaks out in Rome. Julius Caesar Augustus crosses the Rubicon and establishes himself as the leader of the Roman world.	Caesar took the title "Perpetuaal Dictator."
48 BCE		Pompey dies after being pursued by Julius Caesar. While landing in Pelusium to seek help from Ptolemy, he took a boat to shore. He was killed as he attempted to land.
46 BCE		The Julian calendar was instituted by Julius Caesar.	This calendar system remained the main calendar system until 24 February 1582 CE, when it was replaced by the Gregorian calendar (to correct problem of too many days). The Gregorian calendar was named after Pope Gregory XIII. By authority of the church, the epoch day of the supposed birth of Jesus was chosen for the start of the calendar. It was the subsequent Gregorian calendar that created the use of AD and BC.
44 BCE		Julius Caesar (b.100 BCE) was assasinated.	Octavian (Caesar Augustus) was next in line to lead Rome. He was only 19 at the time of Julius Caesar's death. Marc Antony formed a Triumvirate with Octavian and Lepidus (calvalry commander) to lead the senate.
43 BCE		Death of Cicero.	Marc Antony ordered his execution and the removal of his head and hands. His last words were, "there is nothing proper about what you are doing, soldier, but do try to kill me properly".
37 BCE			Beginning of the Roman Age (37 BCE - 324 AD)
30 BCE		Mark Antony committed suicide with Cleopatra after a series of military loses to Octavian.
27 BCE		Octavian begins his reign as Emperor of Rome. Caesar Augustus (b. 63 BCE - d.14 CE) began reign as Roman Emperor. He reigned 41 years until his death in 14 CE.	Also known as Octavian.
4 BCE		Death of Herod the Great. Herod was a Roman-appointed king of Judaea. Herod's father was Antipater, who supported Pompey when he invaded Palestine in 63 BC.
			Beginning of 1st Century C.E.	World Population about 170 Million
1 CE	Apollonius of Tyana (c. 1-c. 100 AD) was a Greek Neo-Pythagorean philosopher and teacher. His teaching influenced both scientific thought and occultism for centuries after his death.
14 CE		Tiberius becomes 2nd emperor of Rome and reigns until 37 C.E.. Tiberius appointed Pontius Pilate. Tiberius was following by his grandnephew and the great-grandson of Augustus, Gaius Caligula 37-41 C.E.
26 CE		Pontius Pilate became governor of the small Roman province of Judea from 26 to 36 C.E.
37 CE		Caligula becomes emperor. He declares himself God. He will reign until 41 CE.
c. 38 CE		Seneca the Elder (b. 4 BCE - d.65 CE), a Roman historian, wrote  lost historical work, containing the history of Rome from the beginning of the civil wars almost down to his own death.
41 CE		41 C.E., Claudius (41-54 C.E.) becomes emperor until he's poisoned by his 4th wife Agrippina in 54 CE, at which time Nero became Emperor.
43 CE		Pomponius Mela wrote De situ orbis libri III. He was the earliest Roman geographer.
44 CE		Cuspius Fadus was Procurator of Iudaea Province from 44 to 47 CE.
45 CE		Quintus Curtius Rufus was a Roman historical writer who wrote Historiae Alexandri Magni, a biography of Alexander the Great in Latin.
50 CE	Beginning of the Second Sophistic Period (c. 50 CE - 100 CE)		Herrick says that during this time, "some of the oratorical elements associtaed with original Greek Sophists were reintroduced in parts of the Roman Empire. P.114
54 CE		Nero (37 - 68 CE) began reign as Roman emperor.
66 CE		66 C.E., Jewish revolt begins and is crushed by Vespasian. Anti-Semitism grows in Rome.
69 CE		69 C.E., Vespasian, who a commander who crushed Jewish revolt in 66, became emperor (69 - 79 C.E.). He was succeeded by his son, Titus (79 - 81 C.E.)
70 CE	Mid-life point for Dio Chrysostom (40 - 120 CE) aka Dio Cocceianus, aka Chrysostomos, aka "golden tongued".		An itinerant Stoic philosopher and Roman historian who was renowned for his rhetorical abilities. Herrick uses him as an example of a rhetorician of the Second Sophistic period (50 - 100 CE).
70 CE		70 C.E., Destruction of Second Temple by Romans (commanded by Titus)
73 CE		The Jewish fortress of Masada captured by Roman army.
78 CE		c.78- Pliny the Elder publishes a 37-volume natural history encyclopedia.		Link
80 CE		Roman coliseum is completed
81 CE		Titus dies. His brother Domitian became Emperor.
85 CE c.	Plutarch (46-119 CE), who was a Greek biographer, philosopher and general historical writer, wrote many works from around 70 to the end of his life. Traveled widely. Knew emperors Trajan and Hadrian.		Plutarch's religious writings “Daemon of Socrates,” and three later works concerning Delphi, “On the Failure of the Oracles,” in which the decline of the oracle is linked with the decline in the population, “On the E at Delphi,” interpreting the word EI at the temple entrance, and “On the Pythian Responses,” seeking to reestablish belief in the oracle. Contemporary with these is “On Isis and Osiris,” with its mystical tones. “Convivial Questions” (nine books) and “Greek and Roman Questions” assembled a vast collection of antiquarian lore. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-5795
91 CE	Quintilian (b.35 - 96 CE) begins writing his work on rhetoric, "Institutio Oratoria". He's 56-years old.		"Quintilian's great work, the Institutio oratoria, in 12 books, was published shortly before the end of his life. He believed that the entire educational process, from infancy onward, was relevant to his major theme of training an orator." http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9062299 Quintilian was born in Spain and educated in Rome, where his became a leading rhetorical teacher under the emperors Titus and Domitian, retiring probably in 88. Pliny the Younger, and perhaps Tacitus were students.	Aubrey Gwynn, Roman Education from Cicero to Quintilian (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1926) 183
100 CE			Beginning of 2nd Century C.E.
110 CE		Romans built the first London Bridge across the Thames
115 CE		115 C.E., Tacitus, a Roman historian (c. 56 - 117) writes the Annals.	He was a student of Quintilian.
117 CE		Hadrian (January 24, 76 - July 10, 138) become emperor of Rome.
119 CE		119 C.E., Suetonius (75 - 160 C.E.), a Roman writer, records in his Lives of the Caesars (also known as The Twelve Caesars)
120 CE		Appian (Roman - wrote during a wide range). "His work (Πωμαικα) in twenty-four books, written in Greek, is more a number of monographs than a connected history.	It gives an account of various peoples and countries from the earliest times down to their incorporation in complete books and considerable fragments. In spite of its unattractive style, the work is very valuable, especially for the period of the civil wars."http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appian
127 CE		Juvenal - A Roman writer who wrote 16 satires in hexameter.
130 CE		Emperor Hadrian outlaws circumcision as bodily mutilation.	Also takes steps that reveal the temple will not be restored. Sets up Jewish revolt.
135 CE		Julius Severus crushes the revolt in Palestine. Final dispersion of the Jews occurs. Jerusalem  razed.
c. 150 CE	Sextus Empiricus was a physician and philosopher. He recorded a fairly complete account of ancient Greek and Roman skepticism. His writings are extant.		The exact date of his birth and death are unknown. Consensus places his mid-life to late-life point in the middle of the 2nd century. We get much of what we know about Gorgias, the 5th century Sophist, from his writings.
c. 155 CE	Mid-life point for Lucian of Samosata (c. 125 - c. 185). A trained rhetorician who wrote in Greek.		He was a fan of Epicurus.
161 CE	His writings were representative of Stoic philosophy.	Marcus Aurelius (121 - 180) became emperor.	Sometimes called the last of the "Five Good Emperors". He wrote: 'We live for an instant, only to be swallowed in "complete forgetfulness and the void of infinite time on this side of us." - from Wiki	WIKI
193 CE		Septimius Severus (b.146 - d. 211) became emperor of Rome. He reigned from 193 - 211 CE.	This is the beginning of the Severan dynasty (193 - 235)
200 CE			Beginning of 3rd Century C.E.	World Population about 190 Million
205 CE		Dio Cassius (155 - 230) wrote in Greek about Roman history in eight volumes covering 983 years. The 6th volume covered 9 - 54 C.E.
211 CE		Caracalla becomes Roman Emperor (reigned 211 - 217).  He was the eldest son of Septimius Severus.
217 CE		Marcus Opellius Macrinus becomes Roman Emperor (reigned 217 - 218)
218 CE		Elagabalus becomes Roman Emperor (reigned 218 - 222)	Also known as Heliogabalus. He was born as Varius Avitus Bassianu and was also known as Marcus Aurelius Antoninus	Wiki
222 CE		Alexander Severus becomes Roman Emperor (reigned 222 - 235 CE)
235 CE		A period of crisis for the Roman Empire (235 - 284).	There were at least 25 Emperors during this period. They were mostly military leaders. He who controlled the troops, controlled Rome.
249 CE		Decius becomes Emperor of Rome (249 - 251).
251 CE		This was during the height of the Antonine Plague, which was taking lives at a rate of 5,000 per day in Rome. The plague was worst between 251 and 266 CE.
253 CE		Valerian becomes Emperor of Rome (from 253 to 260 CE). He would fight the Goths and have his legionaries killed in great number by the plague.
270 CE		Aurelian, Roman emperor from 270 - 275	The worship of Sol Invictus, the Sun God, became so popular that Aurelian in 274 gave official sanction to December 25th as the birthday of that God.
300 CE			Beginning of 4th Century C.E.
305 CE		Galerius is promoted to title of Augustus as the retirement of Diocletian and Maximian.
306 CE		306 C.E., Constantine I took his father's position as one of the four Roman Emperors, after being named Augustus by his army generals. After warring with rivals, he became sole Emperor in 323 C.E..
312 CE	312 C.E., Constantine converts to Christianity after the battle with Maxentius at the Milvian bridge.			Link
361 CE		Flavius Claudius Iulianus aka Julian the Apostate becomes Roman Emperor (reigned from 361 - 363)	The last polytheist Emperor of Rome.
363 CE		Jovian becomes Emperor at the death of Julian.	He was a Christian emperor, and he ordered the pagan library in Antioch to be burnt.
364 CE		Valentinian I becomes Emperor and names his brother, Valens, co-Emperor. He reigned from 364 - 375.	Said to be the "last great western emperor"
364 CE		Valens (Flavius Iulius Valens) co-reigned as Roman Emperor with his brother Valentinian I.
371 CE	Augustine of Hippo (354 - 430 CE) studies rhetoric at Carthage. He was 17-yrs old.		He soon converted from Christianity, the religion of his mother, to the Manichaean [Man-ee-key-un] religion. He would convert back to Christianity in 387 CE.
372 CE	Christian emperor, Valens, ordered the burning of all non Christian books in Antioch.
375 CE		Gratian (Flavius Gratianus Augustus) became Emperor. He was the son of Valentinian I.
375 CE	Augustine of Hippo opens a school of rhetoric in Carthage.		He used the works of Cicero to teach rhetoric.
383 CE	Augustine of Hippo moves his school of rhetoric to Rome.
384 CE	Augustine is awarded the position as professor of rhetoric for the imperial court at Milan.		Herrick mentions that he would later refer to this position as "the chair of lies". (Herrick, p.125)
387 CE	Augustine of Hippo converts back to Christianity from Manichaeanism.
391 CE	Perhaps the greatest single intellectual loss of the classical world was the destruction of the library of Alexandria.		At one time, it was reputed to house about 700,000 books on subjects ranging from literature and history to science and philosophy. In the year 391, the bishop of Alexandria, Theophilus (d.412), in his quest to destroy paganism, lead a group of crazed monks and laymen, destroyed all the books in the great library.	Book Burning			Carl Sagan once said on his TV series Cosmos that if he could go back to any time on earth, he would chose to go back to the time when the Alexandrian library was at its peak.
391 CE	Augustine becomes a priest.
396 CE	Augustine was he was made coadjutor bishop of Hippo		This was assistant with the right of succession on the death of the current bishop. He became full bishop shortly thereafter. - Wiki	Wiki
397 CE	Augustine of Hippo, or Saint Augustine (November 13, 354 – August 28, 430) wrote his Confessions.		Said to be the last of the classical writers. Very influenced by Greek thinkers, especially Aristotle.	Wiki
400 CE			Beginning of 5th Century C.E.	World Population about 190 Million
410 CE		Rome is sacked by Alaric the Visigoth.	Alaric was a Christian. Specifically, he was an Arian. For this reason, he did not damage the churches. See http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-26710
415 CE	Martianus Capella wrote "The History of Rhetoric." He was a pagan - not Christian. His work on rhetoric was included in a very influential work, "The marriage of Philology and Mercury (429 CE).		Herrick mentions that this work was responsible for creating the impression that the rhetorical tradion was incompatible with Christianity. (Herrick, p.130).
447 CE		Attila the Hun battles the remaining Roman army near the river Vid (now in Bulgaria). Attila wins, with heavy losses. Rome begins paying tribute to Attila the Hun.	The Roman alliance won. Attila's threat eventually faded into history. This was a major point for western history. A win by Attila could have caused the complete decimation of western religion and culture.
451 CE		Battle of Chalons. Attila the Hun and his alliance battled the Roman general Flavius Aetius and the Visigothic King Theodoric I.
500 CE			Beginning of 6th Century C.E.
c. 500 CE	Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius (475 - 524 CE) was a Roman statesman and philosopher who wrote The Consolation of Philosophy.		Herrick mentions that he was a transitional figure between Roman and Christian culture. (Herrick, p.131)
c. 500 CE	Procopius of Gaza (465 - 528 C.E.), a Christian sophist and writer. Mentions Justin Martyr has a work on the resurrection.
500 CE		The period of 500-800 is referred to as the Dark Ages of western European history. There was no Roman emperor in the West, and the period is marked by frequent warfare and almost no urban life. The Middle Ages includes the period of the Dark Ages and runs to the beginning of the Renaissance (variously interpreted as beginning sometime between the 13th and 15th century).	Apparently, some take offense to the term "dark ages" (probably a religious organizational concern). Thus, it is often just called early middle ages. Otherwise, the dark ages extend from about 500 to 1000.
524 CE	Severinus Boethius ( 480 - 525 CE) aka Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius - publishes Consolation of Philosophy, which he wrote in prison (for charge of treason).		The Consolation of Philoso
570 CE	The 12th day Rabi al-Awwal marks the celebration of Muhammad’s birth in 570 C.E. He is said to have died June 8, 632 in Medina.
600 CE			Beginning of 7th Century C.E.	World Population about 210 Million
800 CE			Beginning of 9th Century C.E.	World Population about 226 Million
1100 CE			Beginning of 12th Century C.E.	World Population about 301 million.
1109 CE		First Christian Empire crusade concludes.	When the crusaders captured Tripoli in 1109, apart from killing the defeated soldiers, and they destroyed the Banu Ammar library, at that time, the finest Muslim library in the world. About 100,000 books of Muslim learning were cast into the flames. In the sack of Constantinople in 1204, the western crusaders destroyed the last surviving copies of classical works in Europe.	Link
1200 CE			Beginning of 13th Century C.E.	World Population about 350 million.
1256 CE	Hermannus Alemannus translated Aristotle's Rhetoric into Latin (from Arabic)
1265 CE	Thomas Aquinas begins his massive writing called The Summa Theologica. He continued working on this until his death in 1274.
1270 CE	William of Moerbeke translated Aristotle's Rhetoric into Latin (from Greek)
1300 CE			Beginning of 14th Century C.E.	World Population about 360 million.
1300 CE		This is generally agreed to be about the beginning of the Renaissance and the end of the middle ages. The papacy has less and less power from here.
1310 CE	The Divine Comedy written (Italian La Divina Commedia) by Dante Alighieri. Three major sections Inferno, Purgatory and Paradise.
1347 CE		Beginning of The Black Death (aka Black Plague) bubonic plague killed nearly 2/3rds of Europe's population. At least 75 million people died.
1400 CE			Beginning of 15th Century C.E.	World Population about 350 million.
1434 CE	George of Trebizond (1395 - 1472) published his Five books of Rhetoric.		Herrick mentions that George of Trebizond tried to reassemble rhetoric, as he felt it has been disassembled during the middle ages.  [Herrick, p.148]
1435 CE	Lorenzo, or Lautentius, Valla (1407 - 1457) PUBLISHED Dialectical Disputations		Herrick mentions Valla is called "not only the most wide-ranging, but also perhaps the most influential of all humanist scholars." [Herrick, p.151]
1452 CE		Leonardo da Vinci was born in Anchiano near Vinci, Republic of Florence [now in Italy, which was not unified like it is today]
1455 CE		Gutenberg invents movable type
1464 CE		At the age of 12,  Leonardo da Vinci moved to Florence with this Father and became an apprentice of Andrea del Verrocchio.	He learned to prepare canvases, make brushes and how to grind and mix paint. He also learned to sculpt.
1471 CE	George of Trebizond (1395 - 1472) published his very succesful Latin grammer based on the works of another Greek grammarian- Latin Priscian.			Wiki
1492 CE		Columbus sails to America
1492 CE	Erasmus was ordained to the Catholic priesthood.
1500 CE			Beginning of 16th Century C.E.	World Population about 425 million.
1514 CE		Initial appearance of the heliocentric theory of Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543), stating that the planets revolved around the sun and the sun was the center of the universe.	Heliocentric versus geocentric
1516 CE	1516 C.E., Erasmus (1466 - July 12, 1536 C.E.) collects and examines numerous Greek manuscripts to create a unified edition that would later be called the "textus receptus". From this, the KJV of the Bible would be created into English.		Herrick quotes Erasmus, "I have learned from Galen that what differentiates man from the animals or brutes…is not reason, but speech." [Herrick, p.148]
1517 CE	1517 C.E., on October 31, Martin Luther nailed the 95 These to the door of the castle's Church of All Saints (the University's customary notice board).		However, he also said - 73. "What harm would it do, if a man told a good strong lie for the sake of the good and for the Christian church [...]a lie out of necessity, a useful lie, a helpful lie, such lies would not be against God, he would accept them.
1535 CE	Erasmus publishes Ecclesiastes: On the Art of Preaching. Also in this year, he publishes the 5th edition (final) of his Greek New Testament. This was later called the Textus Recptus.		He proposed that Bishops use this work to train priests in the art of rhetoric. He writes: "If elephants can be trained to dance, lions to play and leopards to hunt, surely priests can be taught to preach." - from Wiki	Wiki
1549 CE	Peter Ramus (1515 – August 26, 1572) writes Rhetoricae distinctiones in Quintilianum		a.k.a Petrus Ramus, a.k.a. Pierre de la Ramée. He was a French humanist. His degree thesis was Anti-Aristotilian. He paraphrased Walter Ong, "All the things that Aristotle has said are inconsistent because they are poorly systematized and can be called to mind only by the use of arbitrary mnemonic devices" He eventually had to flee from Paris due to his adoption of Protestantism. His work reflects a trend during this time to argue against Aristotle. It was in vogue to to show the inadequacies of his proposals.	Wiki
1553 CE	John Calvin had Michael Servetus burned at the stake for not believing in the Trinity or infant baptism.
1559 CE	Giovani Baptista Bernardi created the Thesaurus Rhetoricae, which defined over 5000 rhetorical terms.
1562 CE		French war between the Catholics and Calvinists. It lasted until 1593		Link
1576 CE	Catholic inquisition by Spanish King Philip II (1527-1598) who wanted to wipe out all Protestants in Belgium and Holland.
1578 CE	Henricus Stephanus publishes the first printed version of Plato's Republic. Previously, it was on scrolls.		His pagination of page numbering became the standard, now referred as Stephanus Page Numbers. These numbers appear in the printed works of Plato and are used as reference like Bible verse numbers.
1582 CE		Pope Gregory XIII decreed reform of the Julian calendar (because it had too many leap years), thus leading much of Catholic Europe away from the Julian (Old Style) calendar to the Gregorian (New Style). This is the beginning of the use of AD and BC in reference to year dates.
1600 CE			Beginning of 17th Century C.E.	World Population about 600 million.
1600 CE	Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) was burned at the stake with his tongue in a gag.		His offense was to state that the sun was not the center of the universe - that the universe was infinite and that there were many, many planets in the universe besides the ones associated with our sun.
1605 CE	Francis Bacon (1561 - 1626) publishes The Proficience and Advancement of Learning.
1616 CE	Galileo warned by the Inquisition not to defend the heliocentric views of Copernicus.
1618 CE		Beginning of the 30 Years War (1618 - 1648). Faught mostly on German territory, this war was between Protestants and Catholics.	The 30-Years War, led by Catholic Roman Emperor, Ferinard II (1578-1648). The purpose of the war was to suppress Protestantism in the empire. It is estimated that 6 to 14 million people were killed in this war.
1619 CE	Humanist Lucilio Vanini was tortured and burnt at the stake for atheism.
1620 CE		The English attorney and advocate of the 'New Science', Francis Bacon (1561-1626) published his justly famous Novum organum, which sought to establish a method based on observation and experiment in opposition to Aristotle (who wrote the 'original' Organon).
1633 CE	Galileo arrested by Inquisition in Rome for Copernicanism hypothesis.
1637 CE	René Descartes (1596 - 1650) [de-cart] published "Discourse on the Method". In it, his goal was to begin by throwing out any notion which could be doubted. He landed on a single principal - Thought exists. This was "cogito ergo sum" or, more famously, "I think, therefore I am".		Descartes was classified as a Rationalist. He was influenced by Plato, Aristotle and St.Augustine (free will). Descartes spent much time dealing with dualism (separation of body and soul) or how the mind is separate from the body and looking for incontrovertible certainty. He was opposed by empiricist school of thought (Locke and Hume). Descartes influenced Spinoza, who was also a Rationalist.
1641 CE	Madeleine de Scudéry (November 15, 1607 - June 2, 1701), wrote Ibrahim, ou l'illustre Bassa (4 vols., 1641). This was an early writing (one of many to follow). I picked this writing to date her only because it was early in her career.		She was a French writer who wrote Novels of unashamed prolixity amounting to numerous volumes. Her books contained long dialogues. She used the pseudonym of Sapho.
1653 CE	Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne (1623-15 December 1673), wrote Philosophical Fancies and many other works.		Margaret was socialite who debated Aristotelianism with the male dominated thinkers. She became an attendant of Queen Henrietta Maria (Queen of France). She wrote poems and books and spoke on feminist topics.
1655 CE	Isaac le Peyrere was placed in prison from writing a book at said there were people on earth before Adam.		He recanted and was released.
1656 CE	In Holland, Baruch Spinoza was excommunicated from his Jewish community for saying Moses didn't write Pentateuch
1667 CE		Milton's Paradise Lost published.
1687 CE		Isaac Newton (1643 - 1727) published Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, said to be the greatest single work in the history of science. It described gravitation and laws of motion.
1690 CE	John Locke (1632 - 1704 CE) wrote Essay on Human Understanding.		He called rhetoric "perfect cheats". John Locke was an empiricist. Empiricism's epistemology emphasized role of experience in gaining knowledge. Sensory experiences were believed to be the formation of ideas. This dismissed a priori knowledge. Individuals were born as a tabula rasa.
1692 CE	Salem Witchcraft Trials		"By the time the witch-hunt ended, nineteen convicted witches were executed, at least four accused witches had died in prison, and one man, Giles Corey, had been pressed to death. About one to two hundred other persons were arrested and imprisoned on witchcraft charges. Two dogs were executed as suspected accomplices of witches."	Link
1700 CE			Beginning of 18th Century C.E.	World Population about 980 million.
1709 CE	Giambattista Vico published On the Study of Methods of our Time
1721 CE		Johann Sebastian Bach presents the Branenburg concertos to his employer, Prince Leopold of Anhalt-Cöthen, who was a Calvinist.	Since Calvinist did not use "elaborate music in worship", Bach was allowed to create secular music.
1734 CE	Giambattista Vico or Giovanni Battista Vico (June 23, 1668 – January 23, 1744) was appointed royal historiographer by Charles III, king of Naples.		"Vico is best known for his verum factum principle, first formulated in 1710 as part of his De Italorum Sapientia. The principle states that truth is verified through creation or invention and not, as per Descartes, through observation: “The criterion and rule of the true is to have made it. Accordingly, our clear and distinct idea of the mind cannot be a criterion of the mind itself, still less of other truths. For while the mind perceives itself, it does not make itself.” This criterion for truth would later shape the history of civilization in Vico’s opus, the Scienza Nuova (The New Science, 1725), since he would argue that civil life — like mathematics — is wholly constructed."	From Wiki	Naples
1739 CE	David Hume (1711 - 1776 CE) wrote A Treatise of Human Nature.		Hume was influenced by empiricist John Locke.
1750 CE	Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 - 1778) publishes "A Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and Sciences".		Rousseau argued that arts and sciences corrupt morality.
1776 CE		Culmination of the American Revolution with the signing of the American Declaration of Independence for the 13 Colonies that gained independence from the British Empire.
1778 CE		Napoleon Bonaparte landed on the beaches of Alexandria with a massive French force.
1781 CE	Immanuel Kant (b.1724 - d.1804) publishes the Critique of Pure Reason.		Kant eventually became a relativist, who bridged the gap between the absolutism associated with his Christian fundamentalist upbringing and the Empiricist of the 18th century.
1799 CE		Rosetta Stone found (see 196 BCE)
1800 CE			Beginning of 19th Century C.E.
1802 CE		Thomas Jefferson wrote his Wall of Separation Letter to the Danbury Baptist Association.
1809 CE		Charles Darwin was born.
1815 CE		HUMAN POPULATION ONE BILLION		Human population 1 billion.
1816 CE	German philosopher, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, publishes the Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences.		This is 3rd in a series of 4 volumes of work.
1822 CE		Rosetta Stone translated.
1831 CE	August Immanuel Bekker published Bekker's edition of the Greek text of Aristotle's works.		From this work, we take Bekker Numbers (the numbers that appear in the columns of Aristotle's writings- like Stephanus numbers that appear in the writings of Plato).
1838 CE		Charles Darwin conceived his theory of natural selection.
1841CE		Kierkegaard's (b.1813 - d. 1855) first major work, which was a university thesis on irony with continual reference to Socrates.	Kierkegaard regards Aristophanes' portrayal of Socrates, in Aristophanes' The Clouds to be the most accurate representation of the man.
1845	Thomas Campbell, who co-founded the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) with his son, Alexander Campbell, wrote his views on slavery in the Millennial Harbinger, 3rd Series, Vol. 2, Bethany, VA, No. 1.		"you have my investigation of, and practical conclusion upon, the entire doctrine of Bible slavery. But still the whole of my premises will not admit of your conclusion, or rather assumption,--that "slavery is sinful in the extreme." On the contrary, like many other temporal evils, it appears to be a consequence and a punishment of sin."	Link to read whole article
1848 CE	Elizabeth Cady Stanton was an outspoken American women rights advocate and abolitionist. This date reflects the time in history that she was most active.
1859 CE		Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Usually, it's referred to as The Origin of Species.
1866 CE		Gregor Mendel published his research on "Experiments on Plant Hybridization". He would eventually become known as the "father of modern genetics."
1887 CE		A local woman in Amarna (east bank of the Nile in Egypt) was digging for sebakh (decomposed organic matter that can be used a fuel or fertilizer) found a cache of over 300 cuneiform tablets. These became known as the Amarna Letters.	Several speak of communication between Egypt and its vassel communities in Cannan.
1898 CE		Spanish-American war
1900 CE			Beginning of 20th Century C.E.
1901 CE		The stela containing the Code of Hammurabi (see 1792 BCE) was found at Susa by French Orientalist Jean-Vincent Scheil. The Stela is now in the Louvre.
1902 CE		The first of seven fragments of the Palermo Stone (listing Egyptian kings from 1st to 5th dynasties) was published by Heinrich Schäfer.	See 2400 BCE.
1905 CE		George Santayana (16 December 1863–26 September 1952), was a Spanish philosopher, essayist, poet and novelist, best known for the oft-quoted statement, "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it," from Reason in Common Sense, the first volume of The Life of Reason.
1914 CE		World War I from 1914 to 1918	France, Russia, the British Empire, Italy and the United States against Germany and Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.
1925 CE	Herbert A. Winchelns wrote "The Literary Criticism of Oratory".		Foss says, "Because Winchelns's essay provided 'substance and structure to a study which heretofore had been formless and ephemeral…it literally created the modern discipline of rhetorical criticism." Foss, p.25
1927				Human population 2 billion.
1935 CE	Ronald Salmon Crane (b.1886 - d. 1967) founded the Chicago School of Critics.		The school has been called "Neo-Aristotelian." Crane was influenced by Richard McKeon (b.1900 - d.1985). The school took a pluralistic approach, citing that multiple theories of criticism are needed to examine communication. In 1935, he published "History Versus Criticism in the Study of Literature” .
1934 CE	Karl Popper (1902 - 1994) publishes The Logic of Scientific Discovery
1939 CE		World War II from 1939 to 1945.	US, China, Soviet Union, France, UK, against Germany, Japan and Italy
1943 CE	William Norwood Brigance published "A History and Criticism of American Public Address", which solidified the use of Neo-Aristotelianism (a-ris-ta-teel-ee-un).		See Foss, p.26
1948 CE	Lester Thonssen and A Craig Baird published "Speech Criticism", which articulated an system of Rhetorical criticism based on the work of Wichelns (see 1925 CE).
1950 CE	Kenneth Burke (1897 - 1993) published A Rhetoric of Motives.		Herrick mentions that this was a very influential work in rhetoric. P.223
1950 CE		Korean War from 1950 to 1953
1959 CE	Sir Karl Popper's (1902 - 1994) The Logic of Scientific Discovery is translated into English. See 1934 CE.		Popper is arguably one of the greatest philosophers of science in the 20th century.
1961 CE		John F. Kennedy sends 1,364 American advisors to South Vietnam (ends 1973)		Human population 3 billion.
1963 CE	Martin Luther King Jr. leads his march on Washington, where he delivers his "I Have a Dream" speech.
1966 CE	See quote by Popper.		Sir Karl Popper (1902 - 1994) said, " Finally, in forming our judgements on Plato's procedure, we must not forget that Plato likes to argue against rhetoric and sophistry; and indeed that he is the man who by his attacks on the 'Sophists' created the bad associations connected with that word. I believe that we therefore have every reason to censor him when he himself makes use of rhetoric and sophistry in place of argument."
1970 CE	Bertrand Russell died at the age of 98 (b.18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970),		Russell was an outspoken rationalist who was kicked out of teaching positions on a couple of occasions for his lack of religiosity. He was an activist against nuclear weapons and a variety of other things. He was a logician, philosopher, and mathematician. He was lucid until the end, when he died of influenza.
1973 CE		End of Vietnam war. US lost over 50,000 soldiers with more than 300,000 wounded.
1974 CE		Lucy, the Australopithecus afarensis skeleton, was discovered near the Awash river in Ethiopia.		Human population 4 billion.
1983 CE	Wayne C. Booth wrote The Rhetoric of Fiction.		Argues that there is rhetoric used in the creation of fiction to persuade the reader that what he or she is reading could be true, even though it is fiction.
1987 CE				Human population 5 billion.
1988 CE	Jacqueline de Romilly, a French philologist (b.1913), publishes the first edition of "The Great Sophists in Periclean Athens"		see. Herrick, p.45	Link
1996 CE	Michael Billig published Arguing and Thinking.		Herrick quotes Billig on p.32. Billig has become a key figure in using classical rhetorical thinking to address social issues.
1999 CE				Human population 6 billion.
2000 CE			Beginning of 21st Century C.E.
2001 CE		Al-Qaeda attack the World Trade Center in NY, the Pentagon in Arlington County VA and crash a plane in Somerset County PA.	In addition to the 19 hijackers, 2,973 people died; another 24 are missing and presumed dead.
2003 CE		The US invades Iraq.
2008 CE
2012 CE				Human population 7 billion.